anatomy lab test III

pulmonary capillaries close if the arterial blood pressure

when a fluid (such as blood) travels against the force of gravity, the pressure

when a person is lying down, blood pressure is uniform and the capillaries in the lung are open. what happens to the surface area for gas exchange when a person lies down

the surface area for gas exchange increases when the person lies down

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the (human) lungs across the walls of

blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries is dependent upon the blood pressure; if blood pressure is low, the capillaries will close. therefore, in a standing individual, the pulmonary capillaries will most likely be closed

at the apex of the lung, superior to the heart

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lung and the pulmonary blood supply takes place

across the walls of the alveoli

at the alveoli, the diffusion of gases between the air and blood is facilitated by

the thin respiratory membrane plus the large surface area plus the low oxygen levels in the pulmonary arteries

what happened to the amount of fresh air entering the alveoli when the volunteer lay down and the tidal volume decreased

the volume of air entering the alveoli decreased

in a person who is lying down, gravity will create the lowest blood pressure

none of the other options is correct. the effect of gravity will be less than in a standing person

if the pressure of the fluid decreases as it travels against gravity, in other words, in a standing person the pressure of fluid decreases as it gets further away from the ground, what area of the lung will the blood pressure be at its lowest in a standing person

at the apex of the lung, superior to the heart

according to your results, changing body position from standing to lying

decreased the tidal volume

blood flow to a group of alveoli will decrease if

the level of oxygen in the alveoli decreases

during a breath, air enters both the conducting zone (airways with no gas exchange) and the respiratory zone (alveoli). the average conducting zone volume is 150 mL. according to your data, when the volunteer was standing, what was the average amount of air that entered the respiratory zone

respiratory volume is tidal volume minus conducting zone. the amount of air that enters the alveoli would be around 363 mL

in a person lying down, if more capillaries are open, the tidal volume will be

lower than when standing, because the increased surface area allows more efficient gas exchange

during a breath, air enters both the conducting zone (airways with no gas exchange) and the respiratory zone (alveoli). the average conducting zone is 150 mL. according to your data, when the subject was lying down, what was the average amount of air that entered the respiratory zone

respiratory volume is tidal volume minus conducting zone. the air that enters the alveoli would be around 210 mL

if the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is increased from 150 mL to 350 mL, what is the new alveolar ventilation

which of the following do you think would be increased by breathing through the plastic tube

the anatomical dead space

if the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is increased from 150 mL to 375 mL, how much fresh air enters the alveoli, (i.e., what is the new alveolar ventilation)

when breathing through the plastic tube, what change did the volunteer make in order to maintain a constant amount of air entering the alveoli

both breathed deeper and increased tidal volume

in your experiment, breathing through the tube increased the tidal volume by

if the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is 150 mL, what is the alveolar ventilation

the plastic tube caused the anatomical dead space to artificially

increase in size

if you artificially increase the anatomical dead space by 200 mL, you can maintain a constant alveolar ventilation by

increasing the tidal volume by 200 mL

the air in the anatomical dead space

remains constant, is not available for gas exchange, but is the first to leave when you exhale

when compared with normal breathing, what happened to the mean tidal volume when the volunteer breathed through the tube

if breathing through the tube increased the tidal volume by about 200 mL, what was the volume of the tube

the anatomical dead space is

the volume of air trapped in the conducting airways

do you think that breathing through the plastic tube changed the amount of effort put into the process of breathing

no, it should not significantly change the effort

you are breathing normally and then inhale an extra 50 mL of fresh air. this will result in

an extra 50 mL of fresh air entering the alveoli

the alveolar ventilation is

the volume of air that enters the alveoli

if the volume of the anatomical dead space is not changed by exercise, how much extra air entered the alveoli due to the exercise-induced increase in tidal volume

look at your data. how did exercise change the expiratory reserve volume

exercise decreased the expiratory reserve volume

if the alveolar ventilation is (mean tidal volume – 150 mL) x breathing rate, what was the alveolar ventilation at rest

about 4000 mL/ min

which of the following is true

the anatomical dead space is not really changed by exercise

if the alveolar ventilation is (mean tidal volume – 150 mL) x breathing rate, what was the alveolar ventilation immediately after exercise

about 12,000 mL

during exercise, the increase in the body’s oxygen requirements is met by

increasing tidal volume and breathing rate

look at your data for vital capacity, both at rest and immediately after exercise. exercise

did not really change vital capacity

if the volume of the anatomical dead space volume is about 150 mL, how much fresh air entered the alveoli during each breath when the volunteer was at rest

about 300-400 mL

exercise increases the amount of air entering the alveoli by more than 50%. how is breathing rate affected to achieve this

exercise increases the breathing rate

look at your data for tidal volume, both at rest and immediately after exercise. exercise

significantly increased the tidal volume

the alveolar ventilation is

the amount of air that moves in or out of the alveoli in one minute

during exercise, an increase in tidal volume will increase

the alveolar ventilation

the tidal volume is

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during any one normal breathing cycle

after exercise, less (stale) air is left in the lungs due to the larger tidal volume that is exhaled. this means that with the next inhalation

more fresh air will enter the alveoli and mixed with less stale air

during exercise, an increase in the rate of breathing will increase

the alveolar ventilation

the amount of oxygen that binds to hemoglobin depends upon

temperature, the amount of oxygen available, pH

at PO2 levels around 50 mm HG (approximately the same PO2 value found in the tissues), a lower pH

decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues

one hemoglobin molecule can bind as many as

four molecules of oxygen

a solution with a pH below 7 is said to be

in humans, the fluid that circulates nutrients, wastes, and gases around the body is called

Hydrogen ions bind to the beta-chains and decreases the affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen. therefore lowering the pH

moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

decreasing the pH of the blood (making it more acidic)

moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

look at the curves on your graph, about one-third of the way from the zero mark on the horizontal axis (a PO2 value around 50 mmHg). what can be deduced about the effect of pH on the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin at this point

blood with a lower pH has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin

at the tissues, a low pH pushes the oxygen dissociation curve to the right so that

more oxygen is released, which leaves less oxygen bound to hemoglobin

cells make hydrogen ions because they can produce

-carbon dioxide, which reacts with water to form hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
-lactic acid, which can move into the interstitial fluid and then into the plasma

the partial pressure of oxygen is

the portion of the barometric pressure produced by oxygen

look at your graph. a high transmittance value (“color”) indicates

a large amount of oxygen is bound to the hemoglobin

in humans, hemoglobin is found

inside red blood cells

look at the curves on your graph, about one-third of the way from zero mark on the horizontal axis (a PO2 value around 50 mmHg). what can be deduced about transmittance at this point

blood with a lower pH has a lower transmittance value (“color”)

the oxygen dissociation curve shows that as the partial pressure of oxygen is decreased to a very low level, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

How are you going to determine if iodine and/or starch diffuse across the dialysis tubing?

-In this situation the iodine would diffuse from the beaker into the dialysis tubing with the starch.
-If both starch and iodine are able to diffuse across the dialysis tubing they would mix on both sides of the membrane turning both solutions dark purple.

Did diffusion across the membrane occur for the iodine solution?

Did diffusion across the membrane occur for the starch solution?

Did diffusion across the membrane occur for the glucose solution?

diffusion lab conclusion

Diffusion occurred based on molecular size. Iodine and glucose are much smaller molecules than starch; therefore, they were able to diffuse.

Why is this called a selectively permeable membrane?

because it allows small molecules such as water to pass through but not larger molecules such as those in corn syrup

What effect does corn syrup concentration have on the movement of water in this simulation?

More water is drawn up into the thistle tube with higher concentrations of corn syrup.

What happened to the cell to cause it to shrink?

due to the hypertonic solution, water is leaving the cell

What is happening to the cell since there seems to be no change?

since the solution is isotonic, there is no net movement of water

Why does blood become clear in distilled water?

because distilled water is hypotonic, the cells have burst and no longer block light passing through the fluid

What happened to the cell to cause it to swell

due to the hypotonic solution, water is entering the cell

tonicity in red blood cells conclusion

The cells exchange water with the solutions based on tonicity because the cells have selectively permeable membranes

What does expansion of the thoracic cage lead to?

an increase in lung volume

What is the result of atmospheric pressure being equal to intrapleural pressure? (If the bell jar was cracked?)

the lungs would not inflate

What could result from using the same stir rod to sample each solution?

the results would not be reliable as cross-contamination would occur

What effect do you expect Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to have on a solution?

lowering the pH by increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions

What best describes the result you observed when you added HCl (acid) to artificial cytosol?

There was minimal or no change in pH. The artificial cytosol acted as a buffer.

In this experiment, how do you know that a solution contains a buffer?

The pH does not change when acid is added.

What is the purpose of testing distilled water without an antacid?

water is a negative control

What is the function of phenol red in this experiment?

it is a pH indicator

What is the purpose of using hydrochloric acid (HCl) in this experiment?

HCl simulates stomach acid

In this experiment, which antacid was the most effective buffer?

Alumina/magnesium trisilicate

The dose of antacids greatly influences their buffering capacity with acid. In this experiment, you measured the buffering capacity of one recommended dose of antacids. How would your results change if you used the same weight for all antacids instead?

A different antacid would be found to be the most effective.

Why does the best antacid require the most drops of acid to change the color of the solution?

The best antacid can neutralize the most acid, so it resists changes in the pH the longest.

Why did the different antacids have different effectiveness buffering the HCl?

-A single dose was used and they use different quantities of the active ingredient.
-They use different buffering chemicals.

The patient has clear urine. What could this indicate?

clear-color urine could indicate a more diluted urine

The pads on a urinalysis test strip contain which of the following?

reagents that react with solutes

The patient has cloudy urine. What could this indicate?

cloudy urine may indicate a urinary tract infection

Why is it important to wait 60 seconds before reading the urine values?

you must allow adequate time for the urine to react with each test pad

which of the following are NOT normally found in urine?

-Blood
-(Erythrocytes/hemoglobin)
-Leukocytes
-Glucose
-Proteins

Essay Writing Service Features

Qualified Writers
Flexible pricing
Plagiarism-free papers

Anonymity
Timely delivery
24/7 customer support

Our Experience

No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. SmartcoWriters is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.

free-features

Free Features

Free revision policy

$10

Free

Free bibliography & reference

$8

Free

Free title page

$8

Free

Free formatting

$8

Free

How Our Essay Writing Service Works

tab-image

First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.

Complete the order form

Live Chat +1(786)414-1679 Email WhatsApp